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<title>Ginglymodi</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ginglymodi</span></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Ginglymodi<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Possible <a href="Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> records</div>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="Spotted_gar" title="Spotted gar">Spotted gar</a> (<i>Lepisosteus oculatus</i>)
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="Macrosemimimus" title="Macrosemimimus">Macrosemimimus fegerti</a></i> (<a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">Semionotiformes</a>) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>
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<td>Kingdom:
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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
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<td>Class:
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<td><a href="Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>
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<td>Infraclass:
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<td><a href="Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a>
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<td><i>Clade</i>:
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<td><br><small><a href="Edward_Drinker_Cope" title="Edward Drinker Cope">Cope</a>, 1871</small>
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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups
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<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Diandongichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Sangiorgioichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Ticinolepis</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Kyphosichthyiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">Sun & Ni.2018</span>
<ul><li><i><a href="Kyphosichthys" title="Kyphosichthys">Kyphosichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Luoxiongichthys" title="Luoxiongichthys">Luoxiongichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i>Yudaiichthys</i></li>
<li><i>Fuyuanichthys</i></li>
<li><i>Lashanichthys</i></li></ul></li>
<li><b>Neoginglymodi</b><br><span style="font-size: 85%;">López-Arbarello & Sferco, 2018</span><sup id="cite_ref-López2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">Semionotiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<p><b>Ginglymodi</b> is a <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> containing modern-day <a href="Gar" title="Gar">gars</a> (Lepisosteidae) and their <a href="Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> relatives (including the <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="Lepidotidae" title="Lepidotidae">Lepidotidae</a>) in the <a href="Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a>, the extinct orders <a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">Semionotiformes</a> and <b>Kyphosichthyiformes</b>, and various other extinct <a href="Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>. Ginglymodi is one of the two major subgroups of the <a href="Infraclass" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraclass">infraclass</a> <a href="Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a>, the other one being <a href="Halecomorphi" title="Halecomorphi">Halecomorphi</a>, which contains the <a href="Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a> and <a href="Eyespot_bowfin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyespot bowfin">eyespot bowfin</a> and their <a href="Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-López2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2></div>
<p>The <a href="Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a> of ginglymodians goes back at least to the <a href="Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> <a href="Stage_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage (geology)">stage</a> of the <a href="Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a>, over 240 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Romano2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Eosemionotus" title="Eosemionotus">Eosemionotus</a></i> is one of the earliest ginglymodians. <i><a href="Acentrophorus" title="Acentrophorus">Acentrophorus</a></i>, another <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> from the Middle and Late <a href="Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, and <i><a href="Paracentrophorus" title="Paracentrophorus">Paracentrophorus</a></i> from the <a href="Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> <a href="Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a>, could be even earlier members of the group. Ginglymodi was <a href="Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a> and widespread during the <a href="Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a>, but they represent a depauperate <a href="Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> today. The group first evolved in marine environments, but several lineages made separate transitions into freshwater environments.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basal ginglymodian order Kyphosichthyiformes is known from a few genera from the Triassic of China, many of which have deep bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Xu2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ginglymodi underwent substantial diversification during the Late Triassic and the Late Jurassic, with the Lepisosteiformes and Semionotiformes having likely diverged during the <a href="Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early non-gar ginglymodians of all groups, but especially early lepisosteiforms, show heavy morphological <a href="Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a> with modern <a href="Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">cypriniforms</a> (<a href="Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and relatives), suggesting that they may have had a similar ecological niche. Notably, molecular evidence suggests that the cypriniforms may have originated and diversified around the same time and place (Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>) that the similar freshwater ginglymodians showed major diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, some ginglymodians evolved a more predatory lifestyle, with the earliest known true gars from the Late Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-Nhanulepisosteus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhanulepisosteus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginglymodians underwent a major decline during the mid-Cretaceous, eventually leaving gars as the only surviving members of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gar fossils have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Only seven species exist today, distributed in the <a href="Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> systems of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Nhanulepisosteus_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nhanulepisosteus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> <i>Ticinolepis</i></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="Macrosemiidae" title="Macrosemiidae">macrosemiid</a> <a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">semionotiform</a> <i><a href="Propterus" title="Propterus">Propterus</a> sp.</i></div>
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<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="Macrosemiidae" title="Macrosemiidae">macrosemiid</a> <a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">semionotiform</a> <i><a href="Macrosemius" title="Macrosemius">Macrosemius rostratus</a></i></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Late Jurassic European <a href="Lepidotidae" title="Lepidotidae">lepidotid</a> <a href="Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">lepisosteiform</a> <i><a href="Scheenstia" title="Scheenstia">Scheenstia maxima</a></i></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The basal ginglymodian <i><a href="Kyphosichthys" title="Kyphosichthys">Kyphosichthys</a></i> (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China</div>
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<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Luoxiongichthys" title="Luoxiongichthys">Luoxiongichthys</a></i>, a basal ginglymodian (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2></div>
<p><a href="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">Phylogenetic relationships</a> of Ginglymodi to other living neopterygian fish.
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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a>
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<p><a href="Teleostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostei">Teleostei</a> <span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a>
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<p><a href="Halecomorphi" title="Halecomorphi">Halecomorphi</a> (<a href="Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a>, <a href="Eyespot_bowfin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyespot bowfin">eyespot bowfin</a> and their fossil relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<p><b>Ginglymodi</b> (<a href="Gar" title="Gar">gars</a> and their fossil relatives) <span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>Phylogenetic relationships among different groups of ginglymodians (<a href="Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> after Xu & Ma 2023):<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="clade">
<table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><b>Ginglymodi</b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Diandongichthys</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Ticinolepis</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Kyphosichthyiformes</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i>Fuyuanichthys</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i><a href="Kyphosichthys" title="Kyphosichthys">Kyphosichthys</a></i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i>Yudaiichthys</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><i>Lashanichthys</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Sangiorgioichthys</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<div>
<table class="clade">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="clade-label first">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">Semionotiformes</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-label">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf">
<p><a href="Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="clade-slabel last">
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-Romano2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romano2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2021" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Carlo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2020.618853">"A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Earth Science</i>. <b>8</b>: 672. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2020.618853">10.3389/feart.2020.618853</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-6463">2296-6463</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCavinDeesriOlive2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Olive, Sébastien (2019-07-22). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649">"<i>Scheenstia bernissartensis</i> (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium, with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">513–</span>527. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2019.1634649">10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019">1477-2019</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199631685">199631685</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Xu2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu2019_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXuMaWuRen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, G.; Ma, X.; Wu, F.; Ren, Y. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334308274">"A Middle Triassic kyphosichthyiform from Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic reassessment of early ginglymodians"</a>. <i>Vertebrata PalAsiatica</i>. <b>57</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>204. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.190319">10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190319</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCawleyMarramàCarnevaleVillafaña2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cawley, John J.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; López-Romero, Faviel A.; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7882952">"Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade"</a>. <i>Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1769–</span>1796. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.7168">10.1002/ece3.7168</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758">2045-7758</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7882952">7882952</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33614003">33614003</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeesriJintasakulCavin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Deesri, Uthumporn; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Cavin, Lionel (2016-10-07). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747">"A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>36</b> (6): e1225747. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1225747">10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634">0272-4634</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89359438">89359438</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Nhanulepisosteus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nhanulepisosteus_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nhanulepisosteus_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaulo_M._BritoJésus_Alvarado-OrtegaFrançois_J._Meunier2017" class="citation journal cs1">Paulo M. Brito; Jésus Alvarado-Ortega; François J. Meunier (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736718">"Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1) 17830. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...717830B">2017NatSR...717830B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-17984-w">10.1038/s41598-017-17984-w</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736718">5736718</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29259200">29259200</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXuMa2023" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Guang-Hui; Ma, Xin-Ying (2023-10-16). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144/7319190">"A new basal ginglymodian fish (Holostei: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Luoping Biota, Yunnan, China"</a></span>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>201</b> (3). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlad144">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082">0024-4082</a>.</cite></span>
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</style><div id="Ginglymodi250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Actinopterygii_*_Subclass:_Neopterygii_*_Infraclass:_Holostei250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 85%;">
<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Class: <a href="Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></li>
<li>Subclass: <a href="Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a></li>
<li>Infraclass: <a href="Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a></li></ul>
</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Actinopterygii38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see Actinopterygii</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see Neopterygii</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ginglymodi100" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Diandongichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Luoxiongichthys" title="Luoxiongichthys">Luoxiongichthys</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Ticinolepis</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Sangiorgioichthys</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Kyphosichthyiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyphosichthyiformes">Kyphosichthyiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyphosichthyidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Fuyuanichthys</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Kyphosichthys" title="Kyphosichthys">Kyphosichthys</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lashanichthyidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Lashanichthys</i></li>
<li><i>Yudaiichthys</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Semionotiformes" title="Semionotiformes">Semionotiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Hoyasotes</i></li>
<li><i>Lepidhoyas</i></li>
<li><i>Lophionotus</i></li>
<li><i>Neosemionotus</i>?</li>
<li><i>Quasimodichthys</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Semionotus" title="Semionotus">Semionotus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Callipurbeckiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callipurbeckiidae">Callipurbeckiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Callipurbeckia" title="Callipurbeckia">Callipurbeckia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Macrosemimimus" title="Macrosemimimus">Macrosemimimus</a></i></li>
<li><i>Occitanichthys</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Paralepidotus" title="Paralepidotus">Paralepidotus</a></i></li>
<li><i>Semiolepis</i></li>
<li><i>Tlayuamichin</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macrosemiidae" title="Macrosemiidae">Macrosemiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Agoultichthys</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Enchelyolepis" title="Enchelyolepis">Enchelyolepis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Eosemionotus" title="Eosemionotus">Eosemionotus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Histionotus" title="Histionotus">Histionotus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Legnonotus" title="Legnonotus">Legnonotus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Macrosemius" title="Macrosemius">Macrosemius</a></i></li>
<li><i>Macrosemiocotzus</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Notagogus" title="Notagogus">Notagogus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Orthurus" title="Orthurus">Orthurus</a></i></li>
<li><i>Palaeomacrosemius</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Propterus" title="Propterus">Propterus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Uarbryichthys" title="Uarbryichthys">Uarbryichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i>Voelklichthys</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Adrianaichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Beiduyu</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Khoratichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Lanxangichthys</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Neosemionotus</i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Lepidotidae" title="Lepidotidae">Lepidotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Camerichthys</i></li>
<li><i>Isanichthys</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Lepidotes" title="Lepidotes">Lepidotes</a></i></li>
<li><i>Mengius</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Scheenstia" title="Scheenstia">Scheenstia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lepisosteoidei" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepisosteoidei">Lepisosteoidei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Araripelepidotes" title="Araripelepidotes">Araripelepidotes</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Pliodetes</i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Thaiichthys</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Obaichthyidae" title="Obaichthyidae">Obaichthyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Dentilepisosteus</i></li>
<li><i><a href="Obaichthys" title="Obaichthys">Obaichthys</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gar" title="Gar">Lepisosteidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Atractosteus" title="Atractosteus">Atractosteus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cuneatus" title="Cuneatus">Cuneatus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Grandemarinus" title="Grandemarinus">Grandemarinus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Herreraichthys" title="Herreraichthys">Herreraichthys</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Lepisosteus" title="Lepisosteus">Lepisosteus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Masillosteus" title="Masillosteus">Masillosteus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nhanulepisosteus" title="Nhanulepisosteus">Nhanulepisosteus</a></i></li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Oniichthys" title="Oniichthys">Oniichthys</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Acentrophorus" title="Acentrophorus">Acentrophorus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Alleiolepis" title="Alleiolepis">Alleiolepis</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Aphelolepis" title="Aphelolepis">Aphelolepis</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Archaeolepidotus" title="Archaeolepidotus">Archaeolepidotus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <i><a href="Austrolepidotes" title="Austrolepidotes">Austrolepidotes</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Corunegenys" title="Corunegenys">Corunegenys</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paracentrophorus" title="Paracentrophorus">Paracentrophorus</a></i>?</li>
<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Pericentrophorus" title="Pericentrophorus">Pericentrophorus</a></i>?</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>
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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers553" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers553" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ginglymodi</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1525014" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q1525014">Q1525014</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ginglymodi">Ginglymodi</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=219429">219429</a></span></span></li></ul>
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